Index to Volume 31 - 2021, 'Knowing One's Place' by Robin Pearson

A    B    C    D    E     F    G    H    I    J    K    L    M     N    O    P    Q     R    S    T     U   V   W    Y    Z

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Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations and those in italic refer to tables.


A
accidents and safety, 65–6
Akroyd, Edward, 337
Albert Mills, Morley, 56
Albion Hall, 27–8
alcohol and drunkenness, 289–90, 293, 303–12
Allan Bridge mill, 88, 89
Allan Bridge mill (Pudsey), 78–9
Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), 167, 168
Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants (ASRS), 158–9
Anglican Church see Church of England  
apprenticeships, 18–20, 21, 34–5, 41, 53, 72, 77
Armenian Lodge, Bramley, 206, 207
Armitage family (Farnley), 239, 267–8, 311
Armitage, James, 194, 194
Armitage, John Leathley, 228
Armitage's ironworks, Farnley, 174
Armley, 9, 12, 29, 61, 70, 133, 206, 209
     Armley Feast, 303
     Armley gaol, 288, 291
     benefit societies, 39
     Bethesda Chapel, 235
     child labour, 64
     Christ Church, Upper Armley, 239–40, 269
     clothiers and handlooms, 1800–53, 71
     community labour market controls, 26
     Conservative Club, 181–2
     friendly societies, 347–8, 347, 348
     Gott's Alms-houses, Chapel Lane, 209
     Gott's philanthropy, 210–12, 215
     library and police station, 143
     master clothiers, 18
     Methodism, 230
     Methodist New Connexion chapel, 231
     mills, 44, 49, 51
     Old Chapel, 7, 210
     poor relief distribution, 89–91
     population growth, 143
     schools, 40, 268, 268–70, 275
     Socialist Sunday School, 259
     stone quarrying, 147
     structure of occupations 1841–71, 135, 136–7
     Temperance Hall and Mechanics' Institute, 311
     and turnpike trusts, 127
     wool textile millworkers, 1835, 47
Armley Association, 179
Armley Clothiers' Friendly Society, 352
Armley House, 194, 207, 208, 210–11
Armley Literary Society, 216, 327
Armley Radical Club, 181
Armstrong, Robert, 109–10
B
Bagby mill, 53, 54
Baines, Edward (junior), 177–8, 179, 216, 306, 307, 325
Baines, Edward (senior), 74, 87, 87n19, 93, 94, 104, 195, 270, 300
Baker, Robert, 143
Band of Hope, 247, 278, 311
Bank area, 62
Baptists, 230, 246, 300, 306, 328
Barker, Joseph, 98, 109, 179n18, 220, 287
Barker, Rev Joseph, 244–5
Barker, William, 178–9, 220
Barlow, Thomas, 77, 99
Barnes, William, 267–8, 272
Barton, Robert, 183
Bateson family (Wortley), 207
Bayldon, Richard, 164
Beecroft, George, 177
Beeston, 9, 76, 83, 227
     Beeston Feast, 298
     Beeston Hill Board School, 282
     burial board, 122, 219–20
     child labour, 64
     Church of England decline, 250–1
     clothiers and handlooms, 1800–53, 71
     Elland Road toll chain, 127
     farming, 117
     flax production, 50
     Liberal Club, 181
     local government party alignments, 119
     lock-up, 288
     Methodism, 230
     middle-class, composition of, 198
     mills, 44, 48
     mining, 147, 160–1
     Old Chapel, 41
     permanent salaried officials, 124–5
     poor rates, 92
     poor relief distribution, 35, 89–91
     population growth, 34
     railways, 128–9
     rate assessments, 33, 34
     schools, 40
     structure of occupations 1841–71, 135, 136–7
     Temperance Fold and Hall, 182
     township chairmen and officers, political and socio-economic composition of, 116, 117, 118
     township meeting attendants, 119
     wool textile millworkers, 1835, 47
Beeston Hall, 193
Beeston Institute,  321, 333, 335
Belle Isle mill (Bramley), 51, 202
Bellhouse family (Beeston), 219–20
benefit societies, 39, 81
Benyon and Marshall, 95, 212
billy-piecing, 55
birth control, 67
Blakey, William, 177
boot-making, 148
Bower, Joseph, 101
Bower, Joshua, 181
Bradford, Wakefield and Leeds Railway Company, 128–9
Bramley, 9, 12, 22, 29, 61, 70
     Art Exhibition 1872, 224, 225
     benefit societies, 39
     Bramley ‘Clash,’ 222
     Carnival, 300
     celebration of the passing of the Reform bill, 1832, 102–3
     child labour, 64
     church pew rents, 236
     clothiers and handlooms, 1800–53, 71
     crime, 41–2
     election candidates, 176–7
     friendly societies, 347–9, 347, 348, 351–3, 354
     hand looms, 140
     Methodism, 37, 230
     middle-class, composition of, 198–9, 202
     mills, 43–4, 49
     Moriah Chapel, 235
     municipal election candidates 1835–55, 106, 108
     municipal elections, 100–1
     Old Chapel, 214, 216
     Old Chapel School, 215
     paternalism, 314
     Poor Law Union, 125
     poor relief 1776–1815, 35
     poor relief distribution, 35, 89–91
     population growth and poor rate assessments, 34
     property ownership, 199–200
     rate assessments, 1700–1801, 33
     relief funds organisation, 213
     schools, 40
     stone quarrying, 147
     structure of occupations 1841–71, 135, 136–7
     and turnpike trusts, 127
     wool textile millworkers, 1835, 47
Bramley Almanac, 180, 222, 287, 301–2
Bramley Co-operative, 343
Bramley Discussion Society, 323
Bramley Institute, 321, 329, 332
Bramley Loyal Friendly Society, 349, 351–3
Bramley Mechanics Institute, 324–5
Bramley Mutual Improvement Society, 325
Bramley Oddfellows, 354
Bramley Penny Savings Bank, 338
Bramley Philosophical Society, 323
Bramley Reform Association, 179
Bramley Reform Club, 181
Bramley Temperance Band, 300, 308–9, 351
brick making, 146
     residential choice, 159
     strikes, 159
     wages and pay, 159
     workers' birthplaces, 154, 160
Briggate, 27
British and Foreign School Society, 277
Broadbent, Edward, 219
Broadbent, Joseph, 219
broadcloth production, 10, 11–12, 22
Brontë, Charlotte, 82
Brook, William, 109
Brooke, Joseph, 123
Brown, Robert, 29
Brown, William, 162, 164, 164n42
Brown's steaming mill, 54
Brudenell family, Earls of Cardigan, 193, 199
building society clubs, 339–40
building trade, 152, 153
Bull, George Stringer, 97
burial boards, 122, 219–20
Burley, 49, 61
burling, 61
Burton, Joshua, 199
Butler, Joseph, 313
C
Calvinism, 230
capital, 11, 21
carding, 20, 21, 47, 49, 55, 55n50
Carlile, Richard, 307
Carlton Union, 125, 125n33
Carr Hall, 194
Carter, Robert Meek, 109–10, 180
census information, 195–7, 196
     education, 256, 256–7, 257, 258–60
     note on samples, 357–60, 359
Chartism, 96, 99, 104, 220, 287, 307–8
     Chartist-Liberal agreement, 108–9
     municipal election candidates 1835–55, 106, 107, 108–9
     township chairmen and officers, political composition of, 115, 116
Child, William, 22, 23
children, 47, 48, 50, 54, 55–6, 56, 63, 64, 72, 80, 311, 358
     and crime, 291
     cruelty, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 98
     employment changes, 139
     of engineers and metal workers, 167
     health problems, 65
     independent behaviour, 68–9
     job mobility,  68
     of miners, 161
     moral welfare, 67
     out-township employment 1871, 151
     parental control, 65, 66, 69
     and parents' trade, 150, 152
     sub-contracting, 57
     wages and pay, 56–7, 68
     in worsted and flax mills, 58, 59
     see also education  
Children's Employment Commission, 54
Christian Temperance Association, 247
Church of England, 12, 36, 37–8, 210, 219
     chapel rates, 121
     church building programme, 231–3
     community engagement, 248–50
     decline of, 250–1
     and education, 253–4, 260, 261, 266–7, 269–70
     financial problems, 237
     new parishes, creation of, 232
     pew rents and free pews, 236
     weakness of, 231, 250–1
churches and chapels  
     Armley Old Chapel, 7
     attendances, 233–6, 234, 239, 245–6, 250–1
     Baptist Tabernacle Chapel, Hunslet, 328
     Beeston Old Chapel, 41
     Bethel Independent Chapel, Wortley, 240
     Bethesda Chapel, Armley, 235
     Bramley Old Chapel, 214, 216
     building programmes, 231–3
     Bull-Ring Chapel, Wortley, 235–6, 297–8, 297
     Cape Mills, Farsley, 238
     chapel and church rates, 121, 243
     chapelries, 31, 36
     chapelwardens, 112–13
     Christ Church, Upper Armley, 239–40, 269
     church accommodation, 231, 233, 234
     dissenting chapels, support for, 240–1
     Evangelical Mission Chapel, Holbeck, 245
     Farnley Hill Methodist Chapel, 105
     financial problems, 237
     Methodist New Connexion Chapel, Armley, 231
     Moriah Chapel, Bramley, 235
     patronage, 239–40
     pew rents and free pews, 235–7
     and residential segregation, 238
     St Mary's Church, Hunslet, 286
     vestries, 112–13
     see also religion  
Cliff family (Wortley), 241
Cliff, Joseph, 132, 146, 159, 160, 213, 216, 241, 311
Cliff, Walter, 183
Cliff, William Dewhirst, 207
cloth halls, 27–9, 77
     trustees, 28
Clothiers' Community, 84–6
Clothworkers' Brief Institution, 83–4
co-operative enterprises, 340–4, 344
Compston, John, 178
Conservative Party, 100–1, 176
     leadership, 183
     Leeds Council elections, 104
     and local government officials, 124–5
     local government party alignments, 119
     local patriotism, 183
     municipal election candidates 1835–55, 106, 107, 108
     and political clubs, 181–2
     township chairmen and offices, political composition of, 115–17, 116
     vote share, parliamentary elections 1832–68, 103
Cookson, Robert, 19, 20, 21–2, 25
Coope, Joseph, 19, 21, 23, 30
Corker, William, 179
Coxon, Richard, 110
crime see policing and crime  
Crooke, Henry, 37
croppers, 52–3, 52n35, 83–4, 91
D
Danby family (Farnley), 193, 194
Dawson, William, 179, 180
Denison, Ernest, 181
dialect poetry and prose, 222, 223–4
diseases, cholera, 126
doffers, 59, 60
Domesday Book, 9
dress and clothing industry, 141
dressers, 52, 53
E
education, 39–40, 89, 123, 226
     Beeston Hill Board School, 282
     Bramley Old Chapel School, 215
     Church of England provision of, 253–4, 260, 261, 266–7, 269–70
     and class relations, 252, 273
     Dissenters' provision of, 262, 266
     elementary education, 252–82
     fees and affordability, 268–9, 273, 274, 275
     finance, 266
     middle-class approaches to working class education, 262–4
     mill schools, 263–5
     National schools, 274–5, 280
     parental social class, 277
     patronage, 267–70
     private day schools, 278–81
     proportion of children at home, work and school 1841–71, 257, 258–60
     religious content, 271–2, 273
     school attendance, 252, 256, 256, 274, 281
     School Boards, 271
     school discipline, 264, 265, 272
     secondary education, 276
     sectarianism, 267–8, 270–2, 273
     self-help and education, 319–36
     Sunday and weekly scholars in out-townships, 255
     Sunday schools, 252–4, 259, 262, 271–2, 276–8
     teachers/schoolmasters, 122, 267–8, 276, 279, 280
     teaching methods, 272–3
     voluntaryism, 270–1
     Wesleyan schools, 273
     Wortley Grammar School, 123, 276
     Zion school, New Wortley, 276–8
elections  
     electorate, 110–11, 195–6, 196
     municipal elections, 100–1, 104, 106, 107, 108–10, 242
     parliamentary elections, 105, 176–8, 306
     voters, 110
Elland Road, 127
Ellis, James, 18–19, 24, 26–7
Ellis, William, 218
Elmfield House, Bramley, 228
emigration schemes, 96
Engels, Friedrich, 191
Engine-Drivers' and Firemen's Association, 157
Engine-Drivers' and Firemen's United Society, 157
Engine-Drivers' United Society, 158
Eyres, Samuel, 133, 214
F
factory system, 43–69
Fairbairn, Sir Peter, 325
family life, 63, 66, 68, 81, 139
     family employment,  139, 139
     family networks, 18–19, 21–2
     parental control, 65, 66, 69
farmer-clothiers, 11, 11n14, 16, 29–31, 78, 81
farming, 30–1, 117
Farnley, 143
     mining, 146
     New Farnley, 239, 240
     schools, 267
Farnley Iron Company, 194
Farnley Manor, 194
Farrar, John, 278
Farsley, Cape Mills, 238
feasts and festivities, 222–3, 286, 286, 298–303, 298, 300, 312–13
Fenton, Murray and Wood, Holbeck, 141
Fiennes, Celia, 146–7
finishing processes, 49
fire clay, 146
Fitch, J. G., 276, 279–80, 322
flax production, 50, 57, 58, 59, 62–3, 138, 141
flying shuttle, 21
food prices, 24, 74
Ford, Isabella, 189–90
Foresters (friendly society), 345, 346, 350
Forster, W. E., 177
Fraser, Derek, 100
friendly societies, 345–55, 347, 348
fulling mills, 50
Furbank, Thomas, 236
G
Gasworkers and General Labourers' Union (GGLU), 190
Gaunt, Edwin, 205, 278
Gaunt, George, 109, 220
Gaunt, Joseph Naylor, 241
Gaunt, William, 224
Goldthorpe, Horatio, 220
Gott, Benjamin, 53, 131, 131n62, 140, 194, 207–8, 210–11, 313
Gott, Elizabeth, 211–12, 211
Gott, John, 207, 249–50
Gott, William, 226–7
Gott, William Ewart, 239–40, 269–70
Gott's mill, 45, 53, 57, 83, 85, 131
Graham, James, 22
Grand United Oddfellows, 345, 346
Greenhill House (Wortley), 206, 207
Greenwell, Nicholas, 249
Greenwood and Batley, 143
Greenwood, Arthur, 183
guilds, 12
H
Hainsworth family (Bramley), 202
Haley family (Bramley), 202
Haley, John, 101, 102, 104, 200, 201, 313
hand looms, 71, 72, 89, 140
Harehills, 226
Hargreave, Charles James, 205
Hargreave, James, 216, 226, 240
Hayward, Joseph, 354
Headingley, 226, 287, 288
Hebblethwaite, John, 21
heckling, 59, 60
Hepper, Edward, 109
Highfield House, Wortley, 206, 207
Hill family (Beeston), 193
Hindes and Derham's mill (Leeds), 49
Hives and Atkinson's mill, 59
Hobson, Joseph, 295–6
Holbeck, 9, 12, 19, 20, 22, 25, 274
     child labour, 59
     co-operative enterprises, 343
     Evangelical Mission chapel, 245
     flax production, 50, 59
     Liberal Club, 183
     Methodism, 230
     mills, 44, 47, 49
     municipal election candidates 1835–55, 107, 108, 108–9
     poor funds, 95, 212
     poor relief distribution, 90, 91
     population growth, 144
     schools, 266
     structure of occupations 1841–71, 135, 136–7
     Unitarianism, 238
     voters' sectarianism and localism, 110–11
Holbeck Adult Mutual Improvement Society, 327–8, 330, 331, 332, 335
Holbeck Choral Society, 329–30
Holbeck Mechanics Institute, 330, 331, 334
Holbeck Operative Enumerative Committee, 93–4
Holbeck Operative Reform Association, 307
Holdsworth, W. B., 216
Hole, James, 262, 277, 329, 341
Holmes, John, 327–8, 341
Hook, W. F. (Vicar of Leeds), 232, 232n12, 253, 262–3, 270, 283, 340–1
Huddersfield and District Weavers' Association, 189
Hume Smith, F. G., 239, 249, 269
Hunslet, 9, 12, 20, 22, 47, 49, 90
     Baptist Tabernacle Chapel, 328
     electorate, 195
     flax production, 50
     Hunslet Feast, 286, 286
     industrialisation, 144
     Leeds pottery works, 145
     Liberal Club, 181
     metal and engineering industries, 167
     Methodism, 37, 230
     mining, 162
     Poor Law Union, 125
     population growth, 144
     punishment, riding the stang, 221, 222
     schools, 266, 271, 274
     St Mary's Church, 286
     structure of occupations 1841–71, 135, 136–7
     Temperance Memorial Hall, 81
Hunslet Mechanics Institute, 216, 325, 333, 334, 334
I
indentures, 19
Independent Labour Party, 191–2
Independents, 230, 246
industrial change, 135–48
     dress and clothing industry, 141
     fire clay, 146
     interaction between growth industries, 135
     iron industry, 141–2, 143, 146
     leather working, 147–8, 152, 155
     machine-making trades, 142–3
     stone quarrying, 147, 152
     structure of occupations 1841–71, 136, 136–7
     textile manufacturing, decline of, 135
Ingham family (Wortley), 207
Ingham, Henry, 132, 132n65
Ingham, Robert, 146
Ingham, William, 159, 160
Ingilby family (Armley), 193, 194
inns, 203
     see also Sunday closing  
investment, 11, 59, 92, 135
J
James Brown & Co., 53
Jenkins, David, 44
jennies, 20–1, 43, 45
Johnston's mill (Beeston),  83
journeymen, 18, 19, 23, 25, 72, 86
K
Kirkgate, Leeds, 294
Kirkstall,  40, 124, 165, 173, 177
     Kirkstall Abbey, 147, 208, 248
Kitson, James (junior), 182, 205
Kitson, James (senior), 184, 216, 325
Kitsons of Leeds, 170, 173, 174, 286
L
labour and workers  
     character testimonials, 69
     children, 47, 48, 50, 54, 55–7, 56, 58, 59, 63–9, 64, 80, 139, 150, 151, 156, 161, 358
     community controls, 26–7
     demand for labour, 46
     division of labour by age, 48
     family employment, 139, 139
     fines, 59, 171–2, 186, 187, 188, 305, 314
     gas workers, 189–90, 191
     health problems, 60
     industrial structure and categories of occupations, 136–7, 358, 359
     intimidation, 186, 188
     job satisfaction, 54–5
     job security, 25–6, 92
     labour surplus, 23, 25, 26
     metal and engineering, 165–73, 166
     numbers employed by small master clothiers, 80
     overlookers, 185, 186
     paternalism, 160, 162, 176–7, 184, 187, 216–17, 313–14
     piecework, 169, 170, 171–2, 175
     policing and labour disputes, 284–5
     residential choice, 150, 152, 156, 165
     skilled workers, 149–75
     social categories of occupations, 360
     spies, 186
     strikes, 83, 85, 92, 158, 159, 161, 162–5, 171, 173–4, 176, 191, 284
     structure of occupations 1841–71, 136–7
     terms of employment, 185–6
     textile manufacturing, decline of, 135, 188
     women, 48, 49, 55, 58, 59, 61, 61–2, 138–9, 186
     wool textile millworkers, 1835, 47
     workers' birthplaces, 153–5, 166
     workforce divisions, 167–8, 174
     working hours, 53–4
     worsted and flax mills, 58
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, 129
land holdings, 29–30
law and order see policing and crime  
Lawson, Joseph, 61, 140, 251, 314
Lawton, Matthew, 219
leather family (Beeston), 205
leather working, 135, 137, 142, 147–8, 152
     workers' birthplaces, 155
     and workers' residential choice, 156
Leeds, 49, 61
     structure of occupations in the borough 1841–71, 136–7
Leeds, Bradford, Halifax Junction Railway Company, 129
Leeds Clothiers' Union, 96, 97
Leeds Corporation, 12, 36, 119, 126, 132
Leeds Council, elections, 104
Leeds Forge Company, 143, 165
Leeds Gas Stokers' Union, 186
Leeds Improvement Act 1866, 128
Leeds Industrial Co-operative Society, 341, 342, 343
Leeds Mechanics Institute and Literary Society (LMILS), 306, 319, 320–1, 327, 332
Leeds Mercury, 178, 326
Leeds Musical Union, 316
Leeds Nine Hours Maintenance League, 189
Leeds Patternmakers' Association, 169
Leeds Political Union, 101–2
Leeds Poor Law Union, 125
Leeds Rational Recreation Society, 316
Leeds Redemption Society, 340
Leeds Savings Bank, 337
Leeds Steam Washing Company, 313
Leeds Sunday School Union, 253
Leeds Temperance Society, 306, 311
Leeds Total Abstinence Charter Association, 307
Leeds Town Council, 119, 183, 289, 306
Leeds Trades' Union,  99
Leeds Union Operative Benefit Building Society, 340
Leeds Vicarage Act 1844, 232
Leeds Willeyers,' Teazers' and Fettlers' Union, 190
Leeds Working Men's Conservative Association, 181
Leeds Working Men's Institute, 324
Leeds Working Men's Parliamentary Reform Association, 178
Lees, F. R., 306, 307, 341
leisure time, 41, 294–318
     bands, 300, 308–9, 316–18, 351
     bull-baiting, 297–8
     casinos, 295, 302–3
     company-sponsored feasts, 312–13
     cricket, 314–16
     crowd control problems, 297
     dancing, music and concerts, 294–6, 316–18
     drink and temperance, 303–12
     feasts and festivities, 222–3, 286, 286, 298–303, 298, 300
     gambling, 296
     horticultural activity, 317–18
     markets, 299
     middle class perceptions, 294, 296, 300
     pugilists, 297
     rational recreation, 312–18
     seaside excursions, 313–14  
     working class leisure in town and suburb, 294–303
Liberal Party, 88, 100–2, 104, 178, 181
     ‘advanced Liberalism,’ 176
     Chartist-Liberal agreement, 108–9
     disunity, 306, 307
     Holbeck Liberal Club, 331
     leadership, 182–3
     and local government officials, 124–5
     local government party alignments, 119
     municipal election candidates 1835–55, 106, 107, 108
     and political clubs, 181–2
     and religion, 243–4
     township chairmen and offices, political composition of, 115–17, 116
     Wortley versus Holbeck Liberals, 109–11
libraries, 144, 332–3
     Armley, 143
local government, 9, 18, 31–2, 112–33
     burial boards, 122, 219–20
     chapelwardens, 112–13
     environmental control, 126–33
     levying rates, 120–1
     local identity politics, 120
     lower middle-class views, 112, 120
     meeting attendants, 119
     meetings, frequency of, 118
     middle-class participation, 197, 219–20
     overseer and surveyor board memberships, 113
     overseers, 203
     party alignments, 119
     permanent salaried officials, 123
     policing, 126
     roads, 126–8, 129
     township chairmen and officers, political and socio-economic composition of, 115, 116
     township chairmen and officers, political composition of, 114, 115, 117–18, 118
     township meetings and vestries, 36, 112–13
lock-outs, 99, 164, 171, 173–4, 284
Locomotive and Firemen's Society, 159
Locomotive Steam Engine Drivers' Society, 157
looms, 21
     power looms, 75–6, 88
     restrictions on, 26–7
Lords family (Bramley), 202
Low Moor Iron Company, 146
M
magistrates, 41
Maguire, Tom, 186, 187, 189, 189–90
Manchester Oddfellows, 345, 346n131, 350
Mann, Horace, 273
markets, 299
marriage, 156–7, 161, 204
Marsden, Henry, 205
Marshall, J. G,, 317, 325
Marshall, John, 87, 95–6, 263–5, 326–7, 328, 329–30
Marshall's mill, Holbeck, 57, 59, 62, 141, 309, 310
     and education, 263–5
Marxism, 191, 341
master clothiers, 10, 16, 18, 19, 70, 72, 77, 80
     and communal identity, 82
     unions, 84–6
Mathers, John, 182
Meadow Lane, 27
mechanics institutes, 319–22, 320, 324–5, 329–30, 333–4, 334
mechanisation, 20–1, 43–4, 50–1, 69
     condenser machines, 52
     gig-mill machines, 52, 53–4, 83
metal and engineering industries  
     craft unions, 167, 170
     division of labour, 167–8, 174
     iron industry, 141–2, 146
     machine-making trades, 142–3
     machinery, introduction of, 172
     piecework, 171, 172
     residential choices, 165, 167
     social status, 167
     strikes, 171, 173–4, 176
     sub-contracting, 172
     trade unions, 167–74, 176
     wages and pay, 170–2
     workers' birthplaces, 166
Methodism, 18, 36–7, 36–9, 67, 81, 99
     chapel attendances, 233, 234, 235–6, 245–6
     chapel building, 235
     community engagement, 247–8, 248
     disputes, 244–6
     Farnley Hill Methodist Chapel, 105
     Methodist New Connexion, 230, 231, 235, 244
     Primitive Methodists, 230, 233, 235
     revivals, 97–8
     schisms, 230
     schools/Sunday schools, 40, 105, 240, 278
     sectarianism, 246–7
     support for chapels, 241
middle-class, 193–229, 195–7
     ancestry, 203–4
     belief in working-class criminality, 288
     census information, 195–7, 196
     civic elite, 205
     concept of community, 222–6
     electorate, size of, 195–6, 196
     gentrification, 204
     land rentals, 199
     lower middle-class, 219–25
     marriage, 204
     movement away from townships, 226–7
     new prominent families, 194–5
     occupations, 202–5
     paternalism, 216–17, 228–9
     patronage, 210, 220–1
     philanthropy, 208, 209, 210–15
     property ownership, 198–200
     residences, 206–8, 207
     sectarianism, 221
     servants, employment of, 197, 197
     size of, 195, 197
     social class, 217–19, 218
     social mobility, 206, 218–19
     subscriptions to causes, 212–15
     and township government, 197, 219–20
     and working-class education, 262–4
     working class leisure, perception of, 294, 296, 300
Middleton colliery, 142
migration, 13, 22
mills, 22–3, 43–4, 200
     flax production, 50, 57–9, 58
     fulling mills, 50
     joint-stock/company owned mills, 78–9
     male workers, status of, 50–1, 53, 54
     steam power, 43–4, 45–6
     tenancies, 44
     water power, 45
Millshaw mills (Beeston), 44, 48, 76
mining, 142
     coal, 146–7, 160–1
     coal scratting, 161
     iron, 146
     marriages, 161–2
     residential choice, 159, 160–1
     social gap between miners and colliery owners, 162
     strikes, 161, 162–5
     wages and pay, 162–4
     workers' birthplaces, 154
Molesworth, Sir William, 93–4
morality, 63, 67, 74
Morris, R. J.,  326
Moss, Matthew, 178
N
National Association of Ironworkers (NAI), 173–4
Neville family (Holbeck), 193
New Unionism, 176–91
New Wortley, 109, 145, 156, 159, 177, 183–4
     gas strike 1890, 191
     Liberal Club, 183–4
     Zion school, 276–8, 323–4
New Wortley Almanac, 222
Nickols, Sir Harold, 228
Nickols, Richard, 213
North, William, 326
Northern Star, 89
Nussey, G. H., 326
Nussey, Joseph, 240
O
Oastler, Richard, 77–8
out-townships, 9, 10, 11–12
     child labour, 63, 64
     clothiers and handlooms, 1800–53, 71
     community life, 16, 18–19
     definition, 124
     levying rates, 120–1
     local government, 112–33
     location maps, 15, 17
     master clothiers, decline of, 70, 80
     mills, 44
     and parliamentary and municipal politics, 100–11
     township identities, 102, 120
     wool textile millworkers, 1835, 47
Oxley, Henry, 205, 226
P
Pack Horse (Beeston), 203
Parish Vestries Act 1818, 112
parliamentary and municipal politics, 100–11, 106
     Chartist-Liberal agreement, 108–9
     Conservative vote share, parliamentary elections 1832–68, 103
     municipal elections, 100–1, 104, 106, 107, 108–10
     parliamentary elections, 105, 176–8, 306
     patronage, 100–2, 104
     voters' sectarianism and localism, 110–11
Patchett, William, 203
paternalism, 160, 162, 176–7, 184, 187, 216–17, 228–9, 313–14
patternmakers, 172
Pawson, William,  205
philanthropy, 208, 209, 210–15
Pickles, George, 202
Plint, Thomas, 329
Police Act 1856, 285
policing and crime, 41–2, 126, 283–93
     Armley police station, 143
     assaults on police officers, 286–7
     children, 291
     criminality, awareness of, 288
     drunkenness, 289–90, 293, 304
     labour disputes, 284–5
     ‘moving on’ tactic, 293, 304
     poaching, 290
     police numbers, 285
     policing of feasts, 300
     prostitution, 67, 292–3
     resentment of police, 285–7, 293
     statistical information, 289
     theft and burglary, 291
     vagrancy, 290
     violence and gangs, 291–2
political clubs, 181–2, 183, 184, 191
Pollard, John, 200
pollution, 131–2, 160
Poole, Robert, 251
population growth, 12, 34, 143, 144
Post Office Savings Bank, 338
Pottery Fields, 144
poverty and poor rates/relief, 26, 32, 34, 34, 35, 83–99, 89–92, 90, 188
     assessments, 33
     Leeds townships1813–48, 93
     levying rates, 120–1
     New Poor Law 1834, 92, 94, 125, 178
     outdoor relief, 93–4, 125
     poor funds,  95
     poor relief 1776–1815, 35
     rate increases, 92–4, 93
     relief funds, 212–15
     working-class reactions, 96
Power Loom Weavers' Association, 186, 191
Pratt, John Tidd, 349
Priestley mill (Pudsey), 89
prostitution, 67, 292–3
protests, 91
public buildings, 144
puddlers, 171, 172
Pudsey, 18, 21, 23, 30, 62, 292
Punch Bowl (Beeston), 203
puritanism, 18, 36
putting-out system, 11, 22
Q
Quakers, 306
R
railways, 128–9, 142, 145, 153, 180
     environmental consequences, 129–30
     status divisions of employees, 157
     strikes, 158
     trade unions, 157–9
     uniforms, 157
     wages and pay, 157
     workers' birthplaces, 155
     workers' marriages, 156–7, 158
Ramsden, Sir John, 179
Reform League, 179
Reid, Thomas Wemyss, 182
religion, 18, 36–9, 81, 230–51
     church accommodation, 231, 233, 234
     church and chapel attendances, 233–6, 234, 239, 245–6, 250–1
     church building programme, 231–3
     church financial problems, 237
     church reform, 243
     community engagement, 247–50
     disputes, 244–6
     dissenting chapels, support for, 240–1
     divided religious loyalties, 241
     and economic and political crises, 97–8
     educational religious content, 271–2, 273
     influence on self-help and improvement institutes, 333
     Non-Conformism, chapel building, 233, 240
     Non-Conformism, dominance of, 230–1
     opposition to Leeds vicarage, 36
     patronage, 239–40
     pew rents and free pews, 235–7
     political divisions, 243–4
     residential segregation, problems of, 238
     sectarianism, 246–7, 251
     secularism, 251
     Tractarianism, 239, 249, 250
rents, 29
     land rentals, 199
     truck and tied rents, 76
Repton, Humphrey, 208
Ripon Diocesan Church Building Society, 232
roads, 126–8, 129
     obstruction of, 131–2
     private use of, 133
     tolls, 128
     turnpike trusts, 127
Rodley, 39
Rogerson family (Bramley), 202–3, 203
Rogerson, Joseph, 28–9, 31, 35, 51, 304–5, 313
Romans (friendly society), 345, 346, 350
Royal Foresters, 345, 346, 350
S
Sandford House, Bramley, 228
savings banks, 337–9
Scarr, Archie, 183, 312
schools see education  
scribbling, 20, 43, 47, 49, 55
Scurr, Ann,  1–2, 135, 140, 280–1
self-help and mutual improvement, 319–55
     access to ‘respectable’ culture, 335–6
     accommodation problems of institutes, 333–5
     benefit societies, 39, 81
     building society clubs, 3 39–40
     class co-operation, role of, 326–7
     co-operative enterprises, 340–4, 344
     cultural and recreational activities, 329–30
     economic self-help, 336–55
     educational self-help, 319–36
     friendly societies, 345–55, 347, 348
     institutional fees, 331–2
     institutions founded by the working-class, 327–8
     literacy, 329
     mechanics institutes, 319–22, 320, 324–5, 329–30, 333–4, 334
     patronage and institutions, 324–7, 335
     reading rooms and libraries, 321, 332–3, 335–6
     and religion, 333
     savings banks, 337–9
     science education, 329, 330
     working-class attraction to, 322, 336
     working men's institutes, 324, 325–6, 330
     youth guardian societies, 319, 320, 323–4, 329
servants, 197, 197, 357
shoddy, 86
Sikes, Charles William, 337
Silver Royd Hill, 127
slubbing, 49, 51
Smiles, Samuel, 216, 277–8, 319, 322, 327, 329
Smith, Adam, 336
Smith, John (Wortley Manor), 193
Smith, Samuel, 65
social mobility, 156–7, 158
Socialists, 190, 191, 259
Society for the Prosecution of Felons, 288
spinning, 20–1
Stamping Laws, 91
standard of living, 24, 74, 75
Stanningley, 39, 61, 62, 76, 78, 124, 274
Stansfield's mill (Burley), 49
steam power, 43–4, 45–6
stone quarrying, 147, 152
     workers' birthplaces, 1 54
Stones, John, 123, 125
     Wortley: Past and Present, 124
strikes, 83, 85–6, 92, 158, 159, 161, 162–5, 171, 173, 176, 191, 284
sub-contracting, 57, 172
suburbs, suburban growth and the Leeds woollen industry,  9–13
suffrage reform, 99, 101–2, 176
     manhood suffrage, 178–80
     six-pound franchise reform bill, 178, 179
suicide, 140
Sunday closing, 176, 177–8, 308
Sunnybank Mills, Farsley, 200
Symons, Jelinger, 294
T
Tanhouse Pit, Churwell, 161
Tatham, George, 183
Taunton Schools Enquiry Commission, 276
Temperance movement, 81, 81, 182, 246–7, 293, 303–12
Thorne, Will, 191
Tom Paine Hall, 28
Tong Lane, 127
Tories see Conservative Party  
trade unions, 77, 83–4, 92, 96, 149–75, 184, 314
     apathy, 187
     benefits and financial services, 168–9
     craft unions, 167, 170
     enforcement of authority, 174–5, 185
     gas workers, 189–90, 191
     increase in, 149
     labour consciousness, 191
     legal protection for funds, 169
     metal and engineering industries, 167–74, 176
     New Unionism, 176–91
     organising unskilled labour, 188–91
     popularity, 165, 168
     railway workers, 157–9
     solidarity, 175
     strikes, 83, 85–6, 92, 158, 159, 161, 162–5, 171, 173–4, 176, 191
     support for suffrage reform, 180
     and women, 185, 187, 189
trades directories, 9–10
Turner, Ben, 187, 191
U
unemployment, 24, 26, 67, 76, 78, 91–2, 94, 96, 168, 171, 304
Unitarianism, 238, 244, 247
United Free Gardeners, 345, 349
United Kingdom Alliance, 300
V
Varley, James, 202
Varley, John, 76, 86, 199, 202
Vickers, Hubert, 183
W
wages and pay, 23–5, 26, 51, 53, 54, 190–1
     children, 56–7, 68
     metal and engineering industries, 170–2
     miners, 162–3
     weavers, 72–3, 74, 75, 188–9
     women, 61, 62, 141
Waites family (Bramley), 202
Walker, James, 22, 25, 46
Walker, John, 76
Walker, Lawrence, 179
Wardle and Leather, 205
Wardle, Joseph, 205
Waring, George, 104
water power, 45
Waterloo Main colliery, 163
Waterloo mill (Bramley), 43–4, 45
weaving, 49, 61–2, 70
     cottages, 73
     expansion of, 72
     hand-loom weavers' petition 1843, 75
     hand looms, 71, 72, 89, 140
     power loom weaving, 75–6
     wages and pay, 72–3, 74, 75, 188–9
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 149
Webster, Daniel, 123, 124–5
Wellington Mill, Bramley, 202
Wesley, John, 36, 37, 40
Wesleyan Methodist Association, 230
Wesleyan New Connexion, 235
Wesleyan Reformers, 230, 245–6
West Riding Provident Society and Penny Savings Bank, 337, 338
Whalley, James, 226
Wharncliffe, Lord, 228–9
Wheatley, Henry, 202
White Hart (Beeston), 203
Wilkinson, John, 69, 104
Willan's mill (Holbeck), 44
Wilson, Benjamin, 199, 241
Winn, William, 178
Witham's Forge, 165
Wolrich, Thomas, 194
women, 48, 49, 55
     burling, 61
     married women, 63
     and trade unions, 185, 187, 189
     wages and pay, 61, 62, 141
     in worsted and flax mills, 58, 59, 61–3, 138–9
Wood, Benjamin, 124
Woodhouse Mechanics Institute, 319
woollen industry  
     accidents and safety, 65–6
     clothier economy and community life around 1800, 16–32
     competition, 28–9, 77, 86–7
     cotton warp, use of, 138
     machinery, 138
     production scales, 21–3
     sub-contracting, 57
     and suburban growth, 9–13
     tripart structure, 13, 16
     worker skills, 22
     working conditions, 23–4, 59–60, 65–6
     working hours, 53–4
workhouses, 67, 93, 97, 123, 125, 125n33, 144
working class, 8–9
     community identity, 355
     consciousness, 97
     leisure time, 294–303
     reactions to poverty, 96
     and religious fervour, 97–9  
     self-help and mutual improvement, 322, 327–8, 336
     see also education; policing and crime  
working men's institutes, 324, 325–6, 330
Worsnop, Abraham, 93–4, 178
worsted industry, 11, 49, 58, 138
     women, 61–2
Wortley, 9, 22, 23, 25, 29, 46, 49, 61, 70
     Bethel Independent Chapel, 240
     brick making, 159–60
     Bull-Ring chapel, 235–6, 297–8, 297
     child labour, 64
     clothiers and handlooms, 1800–53, 71
     family employment, 139, 139
     friendly societies, 347, 348, 350, 351
     Grammar School, 123
     Greenside Street, 73
     hand looms, 140
     industrialisation, 144–5
     levying rates, 120
     local government party alignments, 119
     metal and engineering migrants, 167
     municipal elections, 109–11
     overseer and surveyor board memberships, 113
     permanent salaried officials, 123–5
     pollution, 132, 160
     poor funds, 95
     poor relief distribution, 89–91
     population growth, 143, 144, 145
     railway workers, 156
     railways, 129, 130
     relief funds organisation, 213
     roads, 127, 128, 130–1
     schools, 274, 275, 276, 280
     structure of occupations 1841–71, 135, 136–7
     township chairmen and officers, political and socio-economic composition of, 113–15, 115, 116, 114
     township meeting attendants, 119
     wool textile millworkers, 1835, 47
     Wortley: Past and Present (Stones), 124
Wortley Amateur Gardeners' Society, 317
Wortley Branch Bible Society, 244
Wortley Cloth Manufacturing and Provision Society, 342
Wortley Clothiers' Benefit Society, 351
Wortley Co-operative, 343–4, 344
Wortley Greenside, 40
Wortley Hall, 228–9
Wortley Working Men's Institute, 325–6, 330
Wortley Youth Guardian Society, 216
Y
Yorkshire Council of Woollen Operatives, 188
Yorkshire Union of Mechanics Institutes (YUMI), 319, 321, 332
youth guardian societies, 319, 320, 323–4, 329
Z
Zion Institute, New Wortley, 322, 332, 335, 337, 338
Zion school, New Wortley, 74